Sunday, June 28, 2009

Picasso or Prosopometamorphopsia?

Olga Khokhlova, as painted by her husband, Pablo Picasso

The Left Side of Your Face Looks Distorted!


The rare syndrome of unilateral left prosopometamorphopsia -- in which the left half of well-known and unfamiliar faces looks distorted -- was reported by Trojano et al. (2009) in a neuropsychological case study:

D.G., a 24-year-old right-handed housewife with 8 years of formal education, suddenly developed severe migraine, confusional state, and blurred vision, mainly in her right visual hemifield, after child delivery. Consciousness returned normal and migraine subsided in a few hours, but the visual disturbances persisted longer.

Repeated EEG recordings showed theta-wave slowing over posterior regions of the left hemisphere. ... Repeated MR did not disclose pathological areas. Brain SPECT (performed 30 min after the injection of 740 MBq of Tc-99m HMPAO) showed reduced blood flow in the inferior and lateral cortex of the left occipital lobe.
The patient's MRI scan appeared normal but a SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) scan revealed diminished cerebral blow flow in the left lateral/inferior occipital lobe, as shown below.

Fig. 1 (adapted from Trojano et al., 2009). Axial brain SPECT scans showing reduced blood flow in the inferior and lateral cortex of the left occipital lobe (regional blood flow reduced by 25.8% with respect to contralateral cortex).

D.G. was seen in the clinic 6 months after her stroke, and her right visual field was intact (meaning she did not have damage to the contralateral, or left, primary visual cortex). However,
...she complained that the left half of people's faces (the part on her right side) appeared “out of shape”. D.G. claimed that “the left eye looks elongated towards left ear, the nose appears to be bended towards left cheek and the mouth towards the chin” irrespectively of whether she looked at familiar or unknown people, or even at herself in a mirror. Nonetheless, she reported to be able to recognize relatives and famous people by face, and also to visualise familiar faces in her mind without distortions.

Fig. 2 (Trojano et al., 2009). Patient's drawing of a face to depict her own subjective complaint.

She did not appear to have impairments in other visuospatial perceptual skills, and she could recognize famous faces as well as the control participants did, ruling out prosopagnosia (a face recognition deficit). Interestingly D.G. did not report distortions in the appearance of non-face objects. In a series of experiments, she was impaired in matching pairs of chimeric faces differing in their left halves, but not in a similar condition with chimeric cars. To explain this unusual deficit with a left hemisphere lesion (the right hemisphere is thought to be better at face recognition), the authors speculated that
early stages of face perception proceed in parallel in the two hemispheres and only at late stages the right hemisphere integrates information gathered from both parts of the stimulus to build up an unitary face representation. Replication of such findings and neurofunctional investigations on patients with PMO are warranted to directly verify neural dynamics related to unilateral defects in face processing.

Reference

ResearchBlogging.org

Trojano, L., Conson, M., Salzano, S., Manzo, V., & Grossi, D. (2009). Unilateral left prosopometamorphopsia: A neuropsychological case study. Neuropsychologia, 47 (3), 942-948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.015.


Pablo Picasso - Weeping Woman - 1937

Friday, June 26, 2009

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Tuesday, June 23, 2009

The Cognitive Dissonance of Zealous Republicans


In a remarkable preliminary study presented at the 2009 Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, scientists at Emory University reported that Republicans were less disgusted by images of torture and human rights violations -- i.e., the infamous Iraq prison photos from Abu Ghraib -- than were Democrats (Hamann et al., 2009). Furthermore, the degree of self-reported arousal while viewing the photos was inversely related to the zealousness of support for Bush and Cheney. The authors speculated that this result may reflect the cognitive dissonance necessary for ardent Republicans to blindly support their cause. In addition, neuroimaging results indicated that for the comparison of Iraq prison photos vs. neutral control photos, the insular cortex was less active in Republicans than in Democrats. This brain region is implicated in interoceptive awareness of bodily states (Craig, 2009), and is responsive to scenes and expressions of disgust (Stark et al., 2007).

These findings are very interesting in light of a 2008 Science article by Oxley et al. (summarized in Conservatives Are Neurotic and Liberals Are Antisocial):
I'm sure you've seen the deluge of articles in the popular press saying that social conservatives are great big scaredy cats when it comes to loud noises and aversive pictures...



Newsweek: Spiders, Maggots, Politics

"...in the conservative mind, illegal immigrants may =spiders = gay marriages = maggot-filled wounds = abortion rights = bloodied faces."
Or as Oxley et al. explained in their abstract:
...individuals with measurably lower physical sensitivities to sudden noises and threatening visual images were more likely to support foreign aid, liberal immigration policies, pacifism, and gun control, whereas individuals displaying measurably higher physiological reactions to those same stimuli were more likely to favor defense spending, capital punishment, patriotism, and the Iraq War.
That paper was not without its problems, however, as described in my earlier blog post. Nonetheless, the new observations of Hamann et al. are striking: rabid Bush/Cheney fans showed reductions in
both subjective and FMRI-based aversive responses to Iraqi prison photos... in part because of cognitive dissonance elicited by the conflict between support for partisan policies and aversion while viewing consequences attributed to those policies.


References

Craig AD. How do you feel--now? The anterior insula and human awareness. (2009). Nat Rev Neurosci. 10:59-70.

Hamann S, Blagov P, Harenski K, Kilts C, Westen D (2009). Political Party Affiliation Affects fMRI Responses to Emotional Social Stimuli. 15th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping. 230 M-PM.

Oxley DR, Smith KB, Alford JR, Hibbing MV, Miller JL, Scalora M, Hatemi PK, Hibbing JR. (2008). Political attitudes vary with physiological traits. Science 321:1667-70.

Stark R, Zimmermann M, Kagerer S, Schienle A, Walter B, Weygandt M, Vaitl D. (2007). Hemodynamic brain correlates of disgust and fear ratings. Neuroimage 37:663-73.


And as ye would that men should do to you,
do ye also to them likewise.
-Luke 6:31

Monday, June 22, 2009

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