Saturday, May 31, 2008

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To add Pictures & Wallpapers to your desktop in Macintosh- OSX: Drag the image onto your desktop. - Go to System Preferences & open the Desktop icon.- Then drag the image into the well.- OS9: Drag the image onto your desktop.- Go to your Control Panel & select Appearance.- Click 'set desktop' & choose your new desktop

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To add Pictures & wallpapers to your desktop in WindowsMicrosoft Internet Explorer 6.0+- Place mouse cursor over the image. - Right click the mouse button. - then Set As Wallpaper/Save Picture As by clicking the left mouse button once. - Your wallpaper/picture is now set on your desktop/Computer.

To add Pictures & Wallpapers to your desktop in Macintosh- OSX: Drag the image onto your desktop. - Go to System Preferences & open the Desktop icon.- Then drag the image into the well.- OS9: Drag the image onto your desktop.- Go to your Control Panel & select Appearance.- Click 'set desktop' & choose your new desktop
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Thursday, May 29, 2008

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To add wallpapers to your desktop in Macintosh- OSX: Drag the image onto your desktop. - Go to System Preferences & open the Desktop icon.- Then drag the image into the well.- OS9: Drag the image onto your desktop.- Go to your Control Panel & select Appearance.- Click 'set desktop' & choose your new desktop


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Wednesday, May 28, 2008

Witch Pictures Witches Images Free Stock Photos Wiccan Spells





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To add wallpapers to your desktop in WindowsMicrosoft Internet Explorer 6.0+- Place mouse cursor over the image. - Right click the mouse button. - then Set As Wallpaper clicking the left mouse button once. - Your wallpaper is now set on your desktop.

To add wallpapers to your desktop in Macintosh- OSX: Drag the image onto your desktop. - Go to System Preferences & open the Desktop icon.- Then drag the image into the well.- OS9: Drag the image onto your desktop.- Go to your Control Panel & select Appearance.- Click 'set desktop' & choose your new desktop

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Tuesday, May 27, 2008

Encephalon - 46th Edition



Welcome to the Forty-Sixth Edition of Encephalon, a neuroscience blog carnival.

Dave and Greta Munger of Cognitive Daily just attended the 20th Annual Convention of the Association for Psychological Science in Chicago, and their live reports are hot off the internet. Read about The persistence of racism even among the well-intentioned and Doing algebra -- it's the little things that count.

Also on the educational front, Kylie from PodBlack Blog brings us Girls Got What? Competitions, Science Careers and Benefits, an investigation into whether it's really just brains or really just well-established strategy.

From Chris at Developing Intelligence, we can learn about Impulsivity Due to Distortions in Time: Hyperbolic Discounting and Logarithmic Time Perception. What is hyperbolic discounting? Wikipedia tell us:
In behavioral economics, hyperbolic discounting refers to the empirical finding that people generally prefer smaller, sooner payoffs to larger, later payoffs when the smaller payoffs would be imminent; but when the same payoffs are distant in time, people tend to prefer the larger, even though the time lag from the smaller to the larger would be the same as before.
Typically, cognitive control functions are thought to be a key factor in the ability to delay for a larger payoff. But there's an alternative, as Chris explains:
...if time is not represented linearly by the mind, perhaps it is that peculiarity which generates impulsivity, rather than a failure of control! ..... [Zauberman et al.'s] forthcoming paper in the Journal of Marketing Research demonstrates conclusively that the hyperbolic function that characterizes discounting rate does indeed reflect nonlinearities in time perception.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is (of course) associated with impulsivity...could there be an element of exaggerated time distortion in their hyperbolic discounting functions? What a wacky idea!

Alvaro, our Encephalon host at Sharp Brains, brings us a more tested idea, Mindfulness Meditation for Adults & Teens with ADHD (by guest blogger Dr. David Rabiner). Mindfulness has been shown (by Davidson and his colleagues, among others) to improve attentional focus and to decrease emotional reactivity.

Buddha brain image from Ellerman.info

The Neurocritic has a past post, Present Tense, that reviews the literature on neuroimaging studies of mindfulness-based meditation.

Speaking of a practice associated with Buddhism, Daniel at Neuroanthropology enters the fray engendered by a recent op-ed piece in the New York Times (by columnist David Brooks) in The Neural Buddhists of David Brooks. Daniel is sympathetic to much of his viewpoint (against hard-wired morality, for instance), but for hard-core materialists, Brooks' most troubling comment is
Over the past several years, the momentum has shifted away from hard-core materialism.
Next, Vaughan from Mind Hacks writes about the rare phenomenon of 'supernumerary phantom limbs' in Phantom extra limbs. A recent paper in Neurology reported on two case studies following hemorrhage in the pons, part of the brain stem:

Both patients had the experience of having a third arm and a third leg... One distressing element for the female patient was that although the patient could 'move' the phantom arm voluntarily, "she described occasional loss of control and feeling strangulated by the phantom arm around the neck".

Speaking of arms, Sandra from Channel N is very excited to present
a video aboot the neuroArm, a robotic system that enables a surgeon to perform remote haptic-assisted neurological microsurgery using real-time MRI. One of the most advanced robots in existence, it's a very exciting Canadian achievement.

The first-ever surgery was successfully performed by Dr. Garnette Sutherland at the University of Calgary on May 12, 2008.
Neuroscientifically Challenged explains The Neuroscience of Distributive Justice. What is distributive justice, you might ask?
...how goods and benefits should be dispersed throughout a society in a fair and just manner. As an extreme example of this dilemma, imagine you are commissioned to deliver 100 lbs. of food to a famine-stricken region that consists of two villages a hundred miles apart. If you deliver half of the food to the first village, then travel to the second, 30 lbs. of the food will spoil during the trip...

Philosophers have offered several solutions to debates of this nature. Utilitarianism... asserts that one’s primary goal should be the achievement of a maximal amount of good or happiness. In the situation described above, a utilitarian might opt to deliver all of the food to the first village. ..... Another approach to such a quandary is known as deontological ethics, which emphasizes not the consequences of one’s actions, but whether the actions are right or wrong, just or unjust. From a deontological perspective, it would be unjust to distribute the food unequally.
To examine the trade-off between equity and efficiency, Hsu et al. (2008) devised a task in which the participants decided on how to allocate money to children living in an orphanage in northern Uganda. You can see an example of an experimental trial in this must-see movie from the paper's Supporting Online Material (embedded below).



Movie s2
No Switch Trial. Illustration of a trial where the subject does not switch the lever. Animation speed is increased for illustration purposes. See Fig. 1 for actual duration of events and screens.

You can bet that The Neurocritic will have something to say about this study in the near future...

Neuroscientifically Challenged also poses the question, Would You Vaccinate Your Kids Against Drugs?

Next up are Brain Games or Drugs for Cognitive Enhancement, written by Sharp Brains guest columnist Pascale Michelon, Ph.D. She discusses the exciting recent finding by Jaeggi et al. (2008): Improving Fluid Intelligence With Training on Working Memory. It's a growing field. For more about working memory, be sure to read Developing Intelligence on The Digital Resolution of the Mind: Discrete Precision in Working Memory.

Jake from Pure Pedantry has submitted a very sad but informative post, Sen. Kennedy and Glioma, which deals with Senator Ted Kennedy's brain cancer, treatment, and prognosis. The majority of these malignant brain tumors are generally fatal. Sen. Kennedy has been a leading proponent of mental health parity, the proposal that insurance companies cover mental disorders and other medical ("physical") disorders in an equivalent manner.

Speaking of which, Dr. Shock writes a critical piece about the pitfalls of supportive psychotherapy in Supportive Psychotherapy mostly Novice Pilots Flying In The Dark Without Maps. Meanwhile, Dr. Deb looks at recent neurobiological research linking burning incense and possible new antidepressant medications in Smell is Swell. A brand new class of depression and anxiety drugs might be right under our noses! Hippies might have something going with that incense crap!

PodBlack Blog asks us to Chalk It Up To Forensic Science and watch
a lecture presentation at a local Science Education centre that provides not only insights to the minds behind crime-solving but how the public perception mind the messages on TV.
Finally, in My Mascot Only Gave Me Sex Appeal, Kylie tells us that
it may seem strange that the Chinese are willing to blame toys for recent disasters but no weirder than other superstitions that work in people's favour.
Why, that's no stranger than reference to a scary bunny furry wearing a gigantic clock in The Neurocritic's post about why You're My Favorite Person... (which is really about how watching movie clips with your favorite actress can boost your peripheral levels of dopamine and circulating natural killer cells, and activate your medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, subcallosal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and cerebellum).

ADDENDUM: A late-breaking submission from Mo at Neurophilosophy covers the recent finding that a protein extracted from green algae can partially restore visual function: Channelrhodopsin restores vision in blind mice.

That's it for this edition. The next Encephalon will appear on June 9 at Channel N.

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Monday, May 26, 2008

Encephalon #46 Forthcoming

Today is the Memorial Day holiday in the US, so there will be some delay in publication of Encephalon. Stayed tuned, it will be up by tomorrow morning.

The Neurocritic thanks you for your patience.


Iraq protest, Santa Monica Beach, LA


Crosses representing soldiers who have died in Iraq, on the Memorial Day weekend (Uploaded on May 29, 2007 by HardieBoys).

"My Stroke of Insight" Now Available Through Viking Penguin Group



I just found out (via the Fashion & Style section of the New York Times) that Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor's book, My Stroke of Insight: A Brain Scientist's Personal Journey, is now available through Viking Adult, a division of the Penguin Group.
A Superhighway to Bliss

By LESLIE KAUFMAN
Published: May 25, 2008


JILL BOLTE TAYLOR was a neuroscientist working at Harvard’s brain research center when she experienced nirvana.

But she did it by having a stroke.

On Dec. 10, 1996, Dr. Taylor, then 37, woke up in her apartment near Boston with a piercing pain behind her eye. A blood vessel in her brain had popped. Within minutes, her left lobe — the source of ego, analysis, judgment and context — began to fail her. Oddly, it felt great.

The incessant chatter that normally filled her mind disappeared. Her everyday worries — about a brother with schizophrenia and her high-powered job — untethered themselves from her and slid away.

Her perceptions changed, too. She could see that the atoms and molecules making up her body blended with the space around her; the whole world and the creatures in it were all part of the same magnificent field of shimmering energy.

“My perception of physical boundaries was no longer limited to where my skin met air,” she has written in her memoir, “My Stroke of Insight,” which was just published by Viking.
Previously, Dr. Taylor's memoir was self-published, but her recent inspirational TED talk (and appearances on Oprah's webcast and in Time magazine, for starters) have provided wider exposure for this talented scientist/artist.

Read an early interview with Dr. Taylor, where she discusses her stained glass brains and her post-stroke creative process.

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To add wallpapers to your desktop in Macintosh- OSX: Drag the image onto your desktop. - Go to System Preferences & open the Desktop icon.- Then drag the image into the well.- OS9: Drag the image onto your desktop.- Go to your Control Panel & select Appearance.- Click 'set desktop' & choose your new desktop
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